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Among fields not tilled in 5 years, we found no relationship of SHS to time in NT. Most soil quality attributes were significantly correlated indicating that they were useful predictors of soil quality. Median soil health scores (SHS) varied among farms, from 23 to 43 based on the 0 to 50 Woods End SHS scale, based more on past soil management. Of the 59 fields sampled, 13 fields received light tillage in the sampling year, 40 had not been tilled within 5 years, and 6 fields had not been tilled for a minimum of 12 years. Soil samples (15cm deep), soil penetrometer values (depth to 300 psi), and earthworm midden counts were collected from 59 fields on 14 dairy farms in Maine planted to corn. No-till (NT) forage production in Northeast United States is growing due to farmers’ desire to reduce costs. These results support the growing body of evidence indicating that peanut residue N contributions to subsequent crops are negligible in the peanut basin of the southeastern USA. This study suggests that uneven distribution of peanut leaf and stem residues following harvest causes only minor spatial and temporal variability in available N during subsequent crop growth. It was estimated that leaves supplied 25 kg N/ha over 252 days at 0–15 cm soil depth, which would likely be insufficient to induce a yield response by a subsequent crop. Averaged over variety and residue placement, soil amended with leaves mineralized 10% more N relative to the control or soil containing stems. Nitrogen mineralization was only affected by residue component. Soils were periodically leached to assess N mineralization compared to a soil‐only control. A 252‐day microlysimeter incubation was conducted in which peanut leaves, stems, and a 1:1 mixture of leaves:stems from three varieties were incorporated or placed on the soil surface to simulate conventional or conservation tillage, respectively. The objective of this study was to quantify N mineralization in soil amended with different peanut residue components under simulated conventional and conservation tillage practices.
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Possible differences in nitrogen (N) mineralization rates between peanut leaf and stem residues may lead to spatial and temporal variability in available N during subsequent crops.
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Processing of N compounds and transport in soil water from RT cropping were more affected by management phase and largely independent of earthworm activity.įield observations have shown that a substantial portion of peanut leaves abscise in windrows during pod curing, leading to an uneven distribution of leaves and stems when intact residues are spread during harvest. The coincidence of (i) soluble N production and availability and (ii) preferential leaching pathways formed by deep-burrowing earthworms thereby increased N losses from the CT agroecosystem at the 45-cm depth. Losses of total nitrogen in leachate loadings were up to approximately 10% of agroecosystem N inputs.
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Although leachate TIN and DON concentrations were generally similar between agroecosystems or earthworm treatments, transport of TIN was significantly increased in addition treatments over ambient in CT cropping due to increased leachate volume. Leachate loss was similar among agroecosystems, but earthworm additions increased leachate production in the range of 4.5 to 45.2% above ambient in CT cropping. Abundance of deep-burrowing earthworms was increased in addition treatments over ambient and for both agroecosystems. We assessed earthworm populations semi-annually and collected leachate biweekly over a three-year period and determined leachate volume and concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Chisel-till corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean rotation (CT) and ridge-till corn-soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation (RT) plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design (n = 3) with earthworm treatments (addition and ambient) as subplots where zero-tension lysimeters were placed 45 cm below ground. We investigated the influence of semi-annual earthworm additions on leachate production and quality in different row crop agroecosystems. Yet, there have been few field-scale studies that quantify the effect of earthworms on dissolved nitrogen fluxes in agroecosystems. Earthworms affect soil structure and the movement of agrochemicals.